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The Sunday Magazine10:00The history of animal espionage
It may be impossible to interrogate Hvaldimir the beluga on his connection to Russian espionage, but if he is a spy, he wouldn’t be the first sea creature to be given a covert mission.
The whale first surfaced near Norway in 2019 carrying camera gear marked “equipment of St. Petersburg” prompting some to wonder if the whale was a Russian spy. It was named Hvaldimir, which is a combination of the Norwegian word for whale and Russian President Vladimir Putin.
The whale returned to Scandinavian waters in May, this time off the coast of Sweden.
“It’s all shrouded in mystery,” Gervase Phillips, a lecturer at the U.K.’s Manchester Metropolitan University told The Sunday Magazine guest host David Common.
“There’s definitely a history, there’s definitely a precedent,” Phillips said of military forces enlisting animals. “But it’s really very hard to say for sure what is going on.”
“It seems to me if he was [a spy], he’s quit,” said the academic who wrote about Hvaldimir in 2019. “Animals have always been caught up in our foolish conflicts, in massive numbers.”
Aquatic agents
Hvladimir wouldn’t be the first sea creature to be recruited by humans. During the First World War, the British trained sea lions to chase German U-boats.
But it wasn’t really a success. The sea lions, which were former circus performers, decided to pursue other interests.
“Once they got into the North Sea, they generally proved more interested in fish than pursuing German submarines,” said Phillips.
The U.S. also tried training sea life to join its navy. It employed dolphins to protect its harbours.
That turned out to be a success because dolphins, Phillips said, are the dogs of the sea.
“They’re often doing the same kind of work that a military working dog would do on land. So mine detection, sentry duty, tracking, those kind of functions, a dolphin or a similar marine mammal can do in the sea,” said Phillips.
Americans used dolphins in the Vietnam War and the 1991 Persian Gulf War, and they are still active members of the navy, he added.
Pigeon spy photographers
While the pigeon may be seen as a pest, the bird has actually spent time in the military with a role comparable to the world’s first drones.
Julius Neubronner, a German pharmacist, used pigeons to deliver prescriptions. But then he came up with another use for the birds.
“Eventually he hit on the idea of sort of attaching small cameras to burly birds with a timer on the shutter,” said Phillips.
“Pigeons are enormously smart creatures and you can train them to distinguish between manmade and natural features of the landscape.”
In 1907, Neubronner got a patent for it, and it worked, sort of. The pigeon spy career failed, as the intel they gathered wasn’t all that useful.
“What you got with your pigeon cameras was pictures of trees and fields and stuff that would be basically of interest to pigeons,” said Phillips.
As technology advanced, spy planes took over, and the pigeon became better known as a nuisance that leaves excrement on apartment balconies.
Early equine therapy
Canada has its own history of animals serving in the security services. Dogs and their expert sniffers have been used by police and the armed forces. And horses were used heavily in the world wars.
During the First World War, Canada sent over 6,000 horses along with the 1st Canadian Division, according to James McKillip, a historian with the Canadian Forces directorate of history and heritage.
While McKillip said the first thing people will think of is the calvary, that was only a small percentage of what horses did in the war effort. He said horses were also used to tow artillery, and as transport.
But their unique benefit came from helping soldiers. McKillip said battle-fatigued or shell-shocked soldiers who couldn’t fight were tasked with caring for the horses.
“[The Canadian military] started to realize that a lot of these guys were bonding with the horses, and it was helping them deal with the emotional strain that they’d gone through,” said McKillip.
“The effect of that was there were quite a few guys who … were able to return to normal service before the war was over.”
By the Second World War, horses were nearly phased out. Today, horses take up a ceremonial role in the Canadian military, performing the Musical Ride across Canada each year.
Beyond horses and dogs, McKillip said animals such as goats and bears have played a role in military units as mascots, such as the legendary bear Winnie.
Success or failure?
Military animals have proved to be a mixed bag for tactical effectiveness. As technology advances, many other creatures may go the way of the pigeon and the horse.
But that doesn’t mean there won’t be any new recruits for international war efforts.
Whether Hvladimir the beluga is a spy or just a friendly whale, it will be important for Canada to keep an eye on creatures in its Arctic waters, Phillips said.
“I think the little fellow’s his own boss now … These are animals at the end of the day,” said Phillips.
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